Abstract

In this study, we develop a discrete-time predator–prey model based on Ricker-type dynamics, incorporating cooperative hunting among predators and the prey refuge effect. We investigate the combined influence of these mechanisms on system stability, persistence, and long-term population behaviour. We conduct a comprehensive mathematical analysis to identify equilibrium points and assess their local stability using Jacobian matrices. We derive analytical conditions for Neimark–Sacker bifurcation to characterise transitions from stable equilibria to oscillatory dynamics. Numerical simulations under varying levels of prey refuge and predator cooperation further support these theoretical results. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of predator-prey interaction and provides theoretical insights relevant to biodiversity conservation and the management of predator-prey ecosystems.