Abstract

In this research, we formulate and dynamically analyse a four-dimensional eco-epidemiological model that integrates predator–prey interactions with disease. The prey population is separated into susceptible and infected classes and follows an SIS disease structure, whereas the predator population follows an SI disease structure. Disease transmission in both populations occurs through direct contact. The proposed model incorporates fear-induced reduction in prey growth, cooperative predation among susceptible predators, Michaelis–Menten-type harvesting of susceptible prey, and a modified Leslie–Gower predator formulation with an Allee effect. In addition, we consider the impact of environmental toxicants on both prey and predator populations. We established the existence, uniqueness, and boundedness of solutions and investigated local and global stability analyses of the equilibrium points. This research analyses the system's sensitivity to toxicity, as well as the influence of the Allee effect and Michaelis–Menten-type nonlinear harvesting on the stability of the proposed system. Finally, we perform numerical simulations to support and illustrate the analytical findings.