Abstract

Dietary nutrient consumption involves complex interactions that can be understood only through an integrated approach that reveals them at various biological levels. This research describes a multiscale biomathematical model that links macronutrient consumption at the organism level to intracellular metabolism. The model is a synthesis of systems biology, metabolic engineering, and biomathematics and explains the mechanisms of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism in the human body. At the macroscopic scale, dietary intake is modeled as time-dependent functions that describe the nutrient consumption pattern. These are combined with physiological functions such as digestion, absorption, and circulation. Compartmental models are used to describe nutrient transport across tissues and cellular membranes at the mesoscopic level. IUC scales down to the microscopic level, modeling intracellular metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation as systems of nonlinear differential equations to represent dynamic biochemical reactions and energy generation. The model has in place regulatory processes such as enzyme kinetics and hormonal regulation (e.g., insulin-glucose interactions), as well as a feedback loop that indicates how metabolism will be adapted to different dietary conditions. Overall, simulations must be used to determine the effects of various diets, including high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets, on cellular energy balance, ATP production, and metabolic efficiency. Overall, findings concluded that nutrient composition and timing can profoundly impact the distribution of metabolic flux and cellular homeostasis. The multiscale methods describe a comprehensive analysis of diet-metabolism interactions and offer perspectives on metabolic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes and obesity. The model can be used in personalized nutrition, clinical decision-making, and overall task optimization to increase metabolic health through dietary interventions.