The evolution of cooperation is affected by the persistence of fitness effects, the neighborhood size and their interaction

Abstract

Evolutionary game theory and the Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) Game in particular have been used to study the evolution of cooperation. We consider a population of asexually reproducing, age-structured individuals in a two-dimensional square-lattice structure. The individuals employ fixed cooperative or defecting strategy towards their neighbours in repeating interactions to accumulate reproductive fitness. We focus on the effects of the persistence of past interactions and interactive neighbourhood size on the evolution of cooperation. We show that larger neighbourhood sizes are generally detrimental to cooperation and that the persistence of fitness effects decreases the likelihood of the evolution of cooperation in small neighbourhoods. However, for larger neighbourhood sizes the persistence effect is reversed. Thus, our study corroborates earlier studies that population structure increases the evolutionary potential for cooperative behaviour in a PD paradigm. This finding may explain the heterogeneity of previous results on the effect of neighbourhood size and cautions that the persistence of fitness outcomes needs to be considered in analyses of the evolution of cooperative behaviour. The persistence of fitness outcomes of pairwise interactions may vary dramatically in biological and social systems and could have profound effects on the evolution of cooperation in various contexts.