Abstract

Culinary micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in West Java operate in a Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical associated with oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, and alterations in cellular stress-response pathways. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD?-dependent protein deacetylase, plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism, stress adaptation, and inflammatory responses. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) contains several biologically active flavonoids that may influence these processes.

Objective: This study investigated the effects of a whole-grain buckwheat diet on tissue-specific SIRT1 protein levels in mice exposed to BPA and characterized the major flavonoids present in the dietary material.

Methods: Thirty-two male mice were randomly allocated to four experimental groups (n = 8 per group): control, buckwheat diet, BPA exposure, and combined buckwheat diet and BPA exposure. The dietary intervention consisted of a 50:50 (w/w) mixture of whole and ground buckwheat seeds provided as the sole food source for 25 days. BPA was administered through drinking water at a concentration of 15 mg/L. SIRT1 protein concentrations in liver, kidney, and stomach tissue homogenates were determined using a mouse-specific ELISA. The phytochemical composition of buckwheat extracts was investigated using HPLC and LC–MS, while molecular docking was performed to evaluate the potential interactions of selected flavonoids with SIRT1.

Results: SIRT1 protein concentrations exhibited distinct tissue-dependent patterns across the experimental groups. In the liver, the mean SIRT1 concentration was 4.34 ng/mL in controls, 3.73 ng/mL following BPA exposure, and 4.67 ng/mL in the combined-treatment group. Corresponding kidney values were 5.40, 4.65, and 5.91 ng/mL, respectively. In contrast, gastric SIRT1 concentrations were higher in the BPA group (2.56 ng/mL) than in controls (2.39 ng/mL), whereas the combined-treatment group showed a lower mean value (2.15 ng/mL). HPLC analysis identified rutin (1.032 ± 0.221 mg/g), dihydroquercetin (0.404 ± 0.102 mg/g), and quercetin (0.308 ± 0.086 mg/g) as major quantified flavonoids. Molecular docking predicted binding affinities of ?10.4 kcal/mol for rutin and ?9.5 kcal/mol for quercetin toward the selected SIRT1 structure.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that a whole-grain buckwheat diet is associated with tissue-specific differences in SIRT1 protein responses during BPA exposure. The observed patterns suggest a potential modulatory role of buckwheat dietary constituents; however, the contribution of individual flavonoids and the underlying molecular mechanisms require further experimental investigation.